全文获取类型
收费全文 | 547篇 |
免费 | 94篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2016年 | 13篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 18篇 |
2013年 | 12篇 |
2012年 | 15篇 |
2011年 | 18篇 |
2010年 | 14篇 |
2009年 | 16篇 |
2008年 | 22篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 20篇 |
2005年 | 18篇 |
2004年 | 23篇 |
2003年 | 23篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 28篇 |
2000年 | 20篇 |
1999年 | 15篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 19篇 |
1990年 | 18篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 10篇 |
1972年 | 9篇 |
1971年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有641条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Katherine?E?Holbrook Mary?C?White Melvin?B?Heyman Janet?M?WojcickiEmail author 《International breastfeeding journal》2013,8(1):7
Background
The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age. Maternal attitudes toward infant feeding are correlated with chosen feeding method and breastfeeding duration. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) has been used to assess attitudes towards breastfeeding prenatally and is predictive of breastfeeding decisions in certain population groups.Methods
In a cohort of pregnant Latina women recruited from two hospitals in the San Francisco Bay Area (n=185), we administered the IIFAS prior to delivery. Information regarding feeding choice, maternal sociodemographic information, and anthropometrics were collected at 6 months and 1 year postpartum. Analysis of predictors for breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding at 6 and 12 months and exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.Results
In our cohort of Latina mothers, breastfeeding a previous infant was associated with breastfeeding initiation (OR 8.29 [95% CI 1.00, 68.40] p = 0.05) and breastfeeding at 6 months (OR 18.34 [95% CI 2.01, 167.24] p = 0.01). College education was associated with increased exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months (OR 58.67 [95% CI 4.97, 692.08] p = 0.001) and having other children was associated with reduced breastfeeding at six months (OR 0.08 [95% CI 0.01, 0.70] p = 0.02). A higher IIFAS score was not associated with breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding at 6 or 12 months or exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months of age.Conclusions
Initial choices about breastfeeding will likely influence future breastfeeding decisions, so breastfeeding interventions should specifically target new mothers. Mothers with other children also need additional encouragement to maintain breastfeeding until 6 months of age. The IIFAS, while predictive of breastfeeding decisions in other population groups, was not associated with feeding decisions in our population of Latina mothers.42.
43.
Lisa-Marie Holbrook Lai-Shan Kwong Clive L. Metcalfe Emmanuel Fenouillet Ian M. Jones 《MABS-AUSTIN》2016,8(4):672-677
In vivo, enzymatic reduction of some protein disulfide bonds, allosteric disulfide bonds, provides an important level of structural and functional regulation. The free cysteine residues generated can be labeled by maleimide reagents, including biotin derivatives, allowing the reduced protein to be detected or purified. During the screening of monoclonal antibodies for those specific for the reduced forms of proteins, we isolated OX133, a unique antibody that recognizes polypeptide resident, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-modified cysteine residues in a sequence-independent manner. OX133 offers an alternative to biotin-maleimide reagents for labeling reduced/alkylated antigens and capturing reduced/alkylated proteins with the advantage that NEM-modified proteins are more easily detected in mass spectrometry, and may be more easily recovered than is the case following capture with biotin based reagents. 相似文献
44.
45.
Bradley D. Holbrook 《Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : reviews》2016,108(2):181-192
Maternal smoking during pregnancy continues to represent a major public health concern. Nicotine is extremely harmful to the developing fetus through many different mechanisms, and the harms increase with later gestational age at exposure. Pregnancies complicated by maternal nicotine use are more likely to have significant adverse outcomes. Nicotine‐exposed children tend to have several health problems throughout their lives, including impaired function of the endocrine, reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurologic systems. Poor academic performance and significant behavioral disruptions are also common, including ADHD, aggressive behaviors, and future substance abuse. To diminish the adverse effects from cigarette smoking, some women are turning to electronic cigarettes, a new trend that is increasing in popularity worldwide. They are largely perceived as being safer to use in pregnancy than traditional cigarettes, although there is not adequate evidence to support this claim. At this time, electronic cigarette use during pregnancy cannot be recommended. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:181–192, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
46.
Mohsen Kayal Hunter S. Lenihan Andrew J. Brooks Sally J. Holbrook Russell J. Schmitt Bruce E. Kendall 《Ecology letters》2019,22(4):605-615
Predicting whether, how, and to what degree communities recover from disturbance remain major challenges in ecology. To predict recovery of coral communities we applied field survey data of early recovery dynamics to a multi‐species integral projection model that captured key demographic processes driving coral population trajectories, notably density‐dependent larval recruitment. After testing model predictions against field observations, we updated the model to generate projections of future coral communities. Our results indicated that communities distributed across an island landscape followed different recovery trajectories but would reassemble to pre‐disturbed levels of coral abundance, composition, and size, thus demonstrating persistence in the provision of reef habitat and other ecosystem services. Our study indicates that coral community dynamics are predictable when accounting for the interplay between species life‐history, environmental conditions, and density‐dependence. We provide a quantitative framework for evaluating the ecological processes underlying community trajectory and characteristics important to ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
47.
Potential feedback between coral presence and farmerfish collective behavior promotes coral recovery
Ambika Kamath Jonathan N. Pruitt Andrew J. Brooks Mark C. Ladd Dana T. Cook Jordan P. Gallagher Michael E. Vickers Sally J. Holbrook Russell J. Schmitt 《Oikos》2019,128(4):482-492
Stable between‐group differences in collective behavior have been documented in a variety of social taxa. Here we evaluate the effects of such variation, often termed collective or colony‐level personality, on coral recovery in a tropical marine farmerfish system. Groups of the farmerfish Stegastes nigricans cultivate and defend gardens of palatable algae on coral reefs in the Indo‐Pacific. These gardens can promote the recruitment, growth, and survival of corals by providing a refuge from coral predation. Here we experimentally evaluate whether the collective response of farmerfish colonies is correlated across intruder feeding guilds – herbivores, corallivores and egg‐eating predators. Further, we evaluate if overall colony responsiveness or situation‐specific responsiveness (i.e. towards herbivores, corallivores, or egg‐eaters in particular) best predicts the growth of outplanted corals. Finally, we experimentally manipulated communities within S. nigricans gardens, adding either macroalgae or large colonies of coral, to assess if farmerfish behavior changes in response to the communities they occupy. Between‐group differences in collective responsiveness were repeatable across intruder guilds. Despite this consistency, responsiveness towards corallivores (porcupinefish and ornate butterflyfish) was a better predictor of outplanted coral growth than responsiveness towards herbivores or egg‐eaters. Adding large corals to farmerfish gardens increased farmerfish attacks towards intruders, pointing to possible positive feedback loops between their aggression towards intruders and the presence of corals whose growth they facilitate. These data provide evidence that among‐group behavioral variation could strongly influence the ecological properties of whole communities. 相似文献
48.
49.
Tong T Fan W Zhao H Jin S Fan F Blanck P Alomo I Rajasekaran B Liu Y Holbrook NJ Zhan Q 《Experimental cell research》2001,265(1):64-72
Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is highly expressed in prehypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo and has been proposed to regulate the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes and bone collar formation in the growth plate. In high-density cultures of rabbit growth-plate chondrocytes, Ihh mRNA was also expressed at the highest level in the prehypertrophic stage. To explore endogenous factors that regulate Ihh expression in chondrocytes, we examined the effects of various growth factors on Ihh mRNA expression in this system. Retinoic acid (RA) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhanced Ihh mRNA expression, whereas PTH/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) markedly suppressed Ihh expression. RA at more than 10(-8) M induced the expression of Ihh and Patched 1 (Ptc1) within 3 h, before it increased the type X collagen mRNA level at 6-24 h. Cycloheximide blocked the up-regulation of Ihh by RA, indicating the requirement of de novo protein synthesis for this stimulation. These findings suggest that RA is involved in the up-regulation of Ihh during endochondral bone formation. In contrast to RA, PTH (1-84) at 10(-7) M abolished the mRNA expression of Ihh and Ptc1 within 2-4 h, before it suppressed the expression of type X collagen at 12-24 h. The inhibition of Ihh expression by PTH (1-84) did not require de novo protein synthesis. PTH (1-34), PTHrP (1-34), and (Bu)(2)cAMP also suppressed Ihh expression. On the other hand, Ihh has been reported to induce PTHrP synthesis in the perichondrium. Consequently, the direct inhibitory action of PTH/PTHrP on Ihh appears to be a negative feedback mechanism that prevents excess PTHrP accumulation in cartilage. 相似文献
50.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Morphological diversity of leaves is usually quantified with geometrical characters, while in many cases a simple set of biophysical parameters are involved in constraining size and shape. One of the main physiological functions of the leaf is transpiration and thus one can expect that leaf hydraulic parameters can be used to predict potential morphologies, although with the caveat that morphology in turn influences physiological parameters including light interception and boundary layer thickness and thereby heat transfer and net photosynthesis. METHODS: An iterative model was used to determine the relative sizes and shapes that are functionally possible for single-veined leaves as defined by their ability to supply the entire leaf lamina with sufficient water to prevent stomatal closure. The model variables include the hydraulic resistances associated with vein axial and radial transport, as well as with water movement through the mesophyll and the leaf surface. KEY RESULTS: The four parameters included in the model are sufficient to define a hydraulic functional design space that includes all single-veined leaf shapes found in nature, including scale-, awl- and needle-like morphologies. This exercise demonstrates that hydraulic parameters have dissimilar effects: surface resistance primarily affects leaf size, while radial and mesophyll resistances primarily affect leaf shape. CONCLUSIONS: These distinctions between hydraulic parameters, as well as the differential accessibility of different morphologies, might relate to the convergent evolutionary patterns seen in a variety of fossil lineages concerning overall morphology and anatomical detail that frequently have evolved in linear and simple multi-veined leaves. 相似文献